Inflation Reduction Act becomes law

President Biden signed the Inflation Reduction Act into law at a White House ceremony on 16 August 2022, finalizing legislation intended to address inflation by paying down the national debt, lower consumer energy costs, provide incentives for the production of clean energy and reduce healthcare costs.

The bill moved through the legislative process in near-record time, having been first introduced by Sens. Chuck Schumer (D-NY) and Joe Manchin (D-WV) on 27 July.  With the 50-50 Senate, Congress’s summer recess and approaching midterm elections, the path to passage by both houses of Congress was not a certainty.

The act is expected to raise roughly $450 billion through new tax provisions, including a 15% minimum book tax on certain large corporations, a 1% excise tax on corporate stock buybacks, and a two-year extension of the Internal Revenue Code Section 461(l) loss limitation rules for noncorporate taxpayers, which is now set to expire for tax years beginning after 2028. The act also boosts funding for the IRS, intended to result in increased tax collections over the next 10 years.

The act includes the largest-ever U.S. investment committed to combat climate change, allocating $369 billion to energy security and clean energy programs over the next 10 years, including provisions incentivizing manufacturing of clean energy equipment and electric vehicles domestically.  

Overall, the act modifies many of the current energy-related tax credits and introduces significant new credits and structures intended to facilitate long-term investment in the renewables industry. 

Changes

The tax provisions included in the act generally adhere to the proposals first revealed by Sens. Manchin and Schumer on 27 July, albeit with some significant modifications.

Perhaps the salient difference between the two original version of the bill and the new legislation is the removal, at the behest of Sen. Kyrsten Sinema (D-Az), of a provision that would have introduced an extended five-year holding period for partnership interests held in connection with the performance of services (“carried interest”) to qualify for long-term capital gain treatment.

To replace the estimated $14 billion that would have been raised through the changes to the carried interest rules, Democrats introduced a new 1% excise tax on stock buybacks that is expected to bring in an estimated $73 billion in revenue. (For prior coverage, see BDO’s alert Path to Passage of Inflation Reduction Act Clears with Sinema’s Announcement of Commitment to Vote f (bdo.com).

Corporate minimum tax

Effective for tax years beginning after December 31, 2022, the act introduces a book minimum tax (AMT) that imposes a 15% minimum tax on “adjusted financial statement income” (AFSI) of applicable corporations over the corporate AMT foreign tax credit for the taxable year. An applicable corporation’s minimum tax is equal to the amount by which the tentative minimum tax exceeds the corporation’s regular tax for the year. The book minimum tax will increase a taxpayer’s tax only to the extent the minimum tax calculation exceeds the regular tax, as well as the base erosion and anti-abuse tax (BEAT).

An “applicable corporation” is defined as any corporation (other than an S corporation, regulated investment company or a real estate investment trust) with three-year average annual AFSI that exceeds $1 billion. For these purposes, a corporation must calculate its three-year average AFSI without regard to financial statement net operating losses (NOLs) but with regard to certain specified adjustments to book income, to determine if the average in any year exceeds $1 billion. The specified adjustments include items related to related entities, foreign income, disregarded entities, federal income taxes, non-reasonable compensation, covered benefit plan amounts and tax depreciation.

In a last-minute addition that took some by surprise, the Senate added an amendment introduced by Sen. John Thune (R-SD) during the vote-a-rama process—during which senators may offer an unlimited number of amendments if they relate to the underlying reconciliation bill – that eliminated an expanded aggregation rule under IRC Section 52 that would have applied with respect to the book minimum tax when there is partnership or investment fund ownership. The bill authorises Treasury to issue regulations or other guidance that create a simplified set of rules for determining whether a corporation satisfies the $1 billion test ($100 million in the case of certain foreign-parented multinational groups).

Arguing that the originally proposed rules would have snared many small businesses that accepted investment partnerships with private equity firms during the pandemic, Thune's amendment precludes the application of the minimum tax to companies that reach the threshold because their income is combined with unrelated businesses under the shared ownership of an investment fund or partnership.

The Senate also extended the excess business loss rules under IRC Section 461(l) for two more years for taxable years beginning after 2028. This CARES Act provision was originally expected to sunset for years after 2025 until it was extended by one year by the American Rescue Plan Act. This latest extension is expected to raise an estimated $55 billion over 10 years.

The corporate minimum tax had also been modified before the Senate vote – again at Sen. Sinema’s request -- to reduce the effect of some depreciation rules on companies that would be subject to the minimum tax. The bill now provides that adjusted financial statement income will be reduced by tax depreciation deductions while book depreciation adjustments will be added back to AFSI.

Excise tax

The 1% non-deductible excise tax is imposed on the fair market value of any stock repurchased by a domestic corporation with stock traded on an established securities market. A “repurchase” is defined as a redemption under the U.S. Tax Code or other economically similar transaction, as opposed to a dividend payment to shareholders. The tax will apply to repurchases after Dec. 31, 2022. The tax extends to certain affiliates of U.S. corporations, as well as specified affiliates of foreign corporations performing buybacks on behalf of their parent organization.

Some stock repurchases are exempt from the excise tax, including tax-free reorganizations, repurchased stock contributed to a pension plan or ESOP, or when the total annual amount of repurchases equals $1 million or less.

Provisions not in the act

The act does not include the modifications to the international tax rules changes, including amendments to the global intangible low-taxed income (GILTI) rules that would be necessary to bring the GILTI regime into conformity with the OECD’s Pillar Two and the 15% global minimum tax. It is not clear what the implications are for U.S. participation in the OECD’s global tax reform proposal.

Moreover, the act does not include a provision to remove the itemized deduction cap for an individual’s state and local taxes and it does not provide for the reinstatement of the popular research expensing provision under IRC Section 174 for research and experimental (R&E) expenditures.

Section 174 was amended by the 2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act to require mandatory amortization of R&E expenditures incurred in taxable years beginning on or after January 1, 2022. The capitalized Section 174 costs, including salaries of researchers, overhead expenses such as rent, depreciation, utilities related to facilities used for R&D, supplies used during the research process and certain software development costs are now required to be capitalized and amortized using a straight-line methodology over five years for costs incurred in the U.S. or 15 years for costs occurring outside the U.S.

BDO insights

The Senate added a two-year extension of the excess business loss rules under IRC Section 461(l) as an amendment to fill the revenue gap caused by the elimination of the carried interest proposal. It is interesting to note that Section 461(l) may end up as a timing difference, because any disallowed amounts convert to an NOL in a subsequent year. Current NOLs carry forward indefinitely and can offset up to 80% of taxable income going forward. 

Moreover, if enacted, the House-passed Build Back Better Act would have made further substantive changes to Section 461(l) that were not included in the act, including the proposal to convert disallowed losses to Section 461(l) carryovers (not NOL carryovers) and the proposal to make Section 461(l) permanent. Finally, there is apparently no ability to accelerate the deduction of an excess business loss upon a taxable disposition of the business, giving rise to the loss unless converted to an NOL.

Private equity funds and their portfolio companies will benefit from key changes to the bill. Specifically, the elimination of proposed changes to the existing carried interest rules is welcome news to fund managers, while changes to the rules relating to application of the corporate AMT will ensure that small, private equity-backed corporations are not subjected to this tax.

The inclusion of depreciation deductions for purposes of calculating the AMT is another welcome change in the Senate-passed bill. However, the act does not include a provision for the deduction of amortisation (except for certain amortisation relating to qualified wireless spectrum). As a result of the lack of amortisation deductions, partners in umbrella partnership C corporation (Up-C) initial public offerings could see the value of their tax receivable benefits decrease if the public company becomes subject to the AMT.
 

Jeff Bilsky
jbilsky@bdo.com

Randy Schwartzman
rschwartzman@bdo.com

Todd Simmens
tsimmens@bdo.com